[3], The 2010 Philippines census counted 362,833 self-identifying Kankanaey and 67,763 self-identifying Applai. Other traditional crafts include blacksmithing, basketry, and weaving. In May 1572, Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, led an expedition, which yielded 25 kilograms of gold three months later. Only after this will the other workers begin the planting of the rest of the seedlings. There are sudsud for children, told to them by elders for their amusement. The Kankanaey live in western Mountain Province, northern Benguet, northeastern La Union and southeastern Ilocos Sur. INDIGENOUS CRAFTS AND CULTURE by Genevieve Balance-Kupang But Lumawig and Bangan refused because they were brother and sister. The Ibaloy are an ethnic group indigenous to Baguio and the surrounding environs, which include the majority of Benguet, the Pangasinan mountains, La Union, and Nueva Vizcaya. These communities appear to have existed long before the coming of the Spaniards to the archipelago. Speakers of hard Kankanaey are from Sagada, Besao and the surrounding parts or barrios of the said municipalities. Lumawig then made a head for the lower half of his childs body. Then, when she was in the coffin and floating on the river, he revived her by blowing back life into her. 1978. The original 34 villages of the northern Kankanaey, located on high slopes of the central Cordillera range, are concentrated near the Kayan-Bauko and Sumadel-Besao areas. The Kankanaey build rice terraces which have become sufficient sources of food. Among the northern Kankanaey, this is usually red with colored borders or sometimes dark blue with red stripes and decorated ends. [14] Tattooing survived up until the mid-20th century, until modernization and conversion to Christianity finally made tattooing traditions extinct among the Kankanaey.[15][16]. The song ends with the triumphant entry of the girl into the village, having already been accepted by the women. The height at which their coffins are placed reflects their social status. The womens necklaces are adorned with various kinds of stones and beads. The members of the two higher-ranked classes may not have their fortunes intact all the time, as when they go into land mortgages or when a series of unfavorable omens may require them to host prolonged, expensive ritual sacrifices. One male dancer uses the blanket and the other plays the gangsa, as both turn and twist around, coordinating their movements with the object of pursuit. Even under the old system of parental arrangement, the Kankanaey rarely enter into a parental agreement when the children are still below the age at which they can make their own choices. Among the southern Benguet Igorot, this festival is called chungas. Religious Beliefs and Rituals of the Northern Kankana-ey The religion of the Northern Kankana-eys is the worship of ancestors and nature spirits with whom they need to be on excellent terms and which they are careful not to offend. On The Cordillera. The Kankanaey, referred to by outsiders and the Benguet-Lepanto Igorot as the busao (enemies) in the area, put up some resistance. The tayaw is a community dance that is usually done in weddings some other dances are sakkuting, pinanyuan (wedding dance) bogi-bogi (courtship dance). A resurgence of headhunting occurred for some time until pacification set in under the new American regime in 1902. To avoid hurting Delnagen, Annusan used his magic powers so Bangan would die temporarily and he could take her spirit and keep it in a bamboo tube. If the parents agree to their marriage, they exchange work for a day (dok-ong and ob-obbo), i.e. The sinpangapo are blood relatives, that is, they can trace their kinship to a common ancestor. The Kankanaey version was on a smaller scale, but its functions were possibly similar. The present practice is for both sides to contribute to the food to be consumed. Luisa. Maryland: Tessellations Publishing. For determining the cause of illness or divination of events, simpler rites are performed by an individual or by a family group. The songs included in these films have also been widely patronized. The kintoman, just as mentioned earlier, is more popularly known as red rice due to its color. Days later, after Annusan had finished his work on his farm, he worried about Delnagen and paid him a visit. Because of the differences in culture from the Kankanaey of Benguet, the "Applai" have been accredited as a separate tribe. With the integration of Kankanaey society into the cash economy, and with the attractiveness of earning more cash in urbanized places, a significant number, many still in their teens, have sought to find employment in Baguio City and elsewhere. [2] The Kankanaey of the western Mountain Province are sometimes identified as Applai or Aplai. This made one of the two people laugh. They inhabit the big heart-shaped stone on the mountain of Tenglawan. In the Bicol region, there are 2,291 Kakanaey in Aurora; 953 in Camarines Norte; and 1,429 in Sorsogon. The Benguet people-Ibaloys, Kankanaey, Kalanguya and Karaos- have similar beliefs, traditions and culture. 2002. National Economic and Development Authority. The Kankanaey have their own language called Mankayan, which is closely related to the languages of the lfugao and the Bontok, two groups with which the Kankanaey share geographical borders. Manteneng is a ritual that begins the planting phase. This space is used for weaving and cooking. [Pasig City and Quezon City? In child rearing, the man participates almost equally with the woman, often carrying the child in a sling on his back while at work in the yard or in the field. While the nation was undergoing the throes of a full-blown national war, age-old conflicts over the use of resources and cultural differences between the Kankanaey and their traditional rivals were revived. The Kankanaeys may also differ in some words like egay or aga, maid or maga. The tattoo is pricked on the breasts and arms of men and women. The northern Kankanaey occupy a region that averages 2,000 meters above sea level. They were the survivors of a great deluge that occurred thousands of years ago which was caused by Kabunian, who commanded the waters of the seas to rise until all the existing land was inundated. Here, the owner of the rice field plants the first two or three rice seedlings and recites a prayer asking the spirits of the field to help the plant grow tall. Close to their dwellings, the Kankanaey maintain little orchards that supply fruit for their consumption as well as vegetable gardens and sweet potato patches. The Americans established a local government and several regulatory agencies in order to secure its interests in the mineral-rich Cordilleras and to stop the growing number of miners from usurping higher authorities. National Economic and Development Authority. Sugarcane and tobacco used to be cultivated for domestic consumption but with the shift to cash economy, most fields are now planted with fruits and vegetables for commercial sale. They oversee the strict observance of the traditional practices, customs and traditions of the community, and they are sought for their advice and wise decisions during disputes. Dallas: SIL International. It consists of a solitary wooden post about 1.3 meters in height, with large white stones laid on the ground surrounding it. The Kankanaey who live near streams or close to the water-filled rice terraces catch fish, which is not common fare in the mountains where the diet usually consists of rice, vegetables, and meat. The Bago Ballad of Delnagen and Annusan Lumawig. Philippine Studies 42 (2): 217-246. The village also includes the rice terraces whose walls serve as pathways; a nearby peak that serves as a sacred mountain; certain places on the outskirts where omen reading and other rituals may be observed; and burial places along the cliffs and slopes. [8], The Northern Kankana-eys believe in many supernatural beliefs and omens, and in gods and spirits like the anito (soul of the dead) and nature spirits. These processes would include Christianization, urbanization, political modernization, and integration of a highland agricultural society to a market economy. , Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy, Benguet: Dependency Ratio Down by Four Persons, Post Comments [8] The funeral ritual of the Southern Kankana-eys lasts up to ten days, when the family honors their dead by chanting dirges and vigils and sacrificing a pig for each day of the vigil. Apayao Life and Legends. The southern Kankanaey are found in the municipalities of Mankayan, Bakun, Kibungan, Buguias, and the upper half of Kapangan in Benguet. The Kankanaey use a small piece of wood they call gisi, to which are attached three iron points. Through gold trade, the kadangyan expanded their land, increased their wealth, and wielded influence on the lower classes. Just like their northern counterparts, there are also two varieties of rice namely kintoman and saranay or bayag. Their society is divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of land: The rich (baknang) and the poor (abiteg or kodo). For the Kankanaey language, see, A Kankanaey chief from the town of Suyoc, in. [12], The more common burial custom of the Kankanaey is for coffins to be tucked into crevices or stacked on top of each other inside limestone caves. The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. 2014. During the Spanish colonial period, they were recruited as district presidente or village konsehal and, upon retirement, earned the title kapitan. Tamong is a dance meant to expedite the healing of the sick. The carabao, although the principal work animal, is occasionally slaughtered for extravagant family and community feasts. Moreover, the Benguet area had some of the largest gold and ore deposits, and the Kankanaey and Ibaloy who had settled here had been panning and digging for gold long before the Spaniards arrived on the islands. The Kankanaeys skirt reaches only down to the knee and is thus shorter than that of the Benguet Ibaloy. The transformation, nevertheless, has not completely wiped out these institutions. In 1909, Jose Fianza, on behalf of his family and kin, filed a case against John F. Reavis, who in 1901 claimed the Antamok and Ampasit mines and sold them to Benguet Consolidated. This sleeping place might be a house not being used by a regular household. But there are four spirits who are feared the most: Insaking, Buduan, Kise-an, and Putitik. Next is the sabangan, when the couple makes their wish to marry known to their family. Unmarried women, both adults and young girls who had reached the age of puberty, slept in a designated dormitory. Among the menfolk, tattoos have become more and more scarce. And finally, elite recruitment into the modern political system has been possible even among nontraditional elite classes, as a result of educational attainment, experience in electoral politics, and wealth acquired through business and professional practice. [9], There is no more pure Southern Kankana-ey culture because of culture change that modified the customs and traditions of the people. There has been greater upwardas well as downwardmobility in Kankanaey society. In pain and defeat, Delnagen returned home. This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. Handbook of Philippine Language Groups. An 18-year-old Kankanaey woman died of pneumonia a month after their arrival. The galey or ules is a blanket worn on the upper body as a protection against the cold. They make do with whatever inferior food they can avail for themselves or earn their keep by working for others or, as in the case of the Benguet Kankanaey, engage in mine-related activities. It involves laying the deceased in their homes for 3 days. Mankayans copper mines were opened to exploitation by a Spanish mining company. The musical instruments of the Kankanaey are identical with those used by other Cordillera groups, such as the gangsa (flat brass gongs), diwdiw-as (pan pipe), bunkaka or bilbil (bamboo buzzer), sulibaw (hollow wooden drum, used also by the Ibaloy), afiw (bamboo mouth harp), and several flute types. [8], Their household is sparsely furnished with only a bangkito/tokdowan, po-ok (small box for storage of rice and wine), clay pots, and sokong (carved bowl). Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. The kadangyan, nevertheless, have remained leading figures in Kankanaey society. Close to their dwellings, the Kankanaey maintain little orchards that supply fruit for their consumption as well as vegetable gardens and sweet potato patches. People in some districts were compelled by the Spanish authorities to grow coffee and tobacco for the colonial government. The Kankanaey gold miners traded with the lowlanders for Ilocano blankets, Pangasinan salt, and livestock, as well as for prestige items like Chinese porcelain jars, beads, cattle, pigs, and other livestock to be slaughtered for their extravagant feasts. Idauwatmoi masangbo, tamo matagokami pangiyaan di ibamin dakami; tamo dakayo ay kabunian waday pangiyaan min dakayo; tamo anakmi waday matago ya waday pangiyaan min daka yo. The young man then informed the womans parents about their decision. The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang, binang-iyan, tinokbob and the elevated tinabla. The Kankanaey's major dances include tayaw, pattong and balangbang. Finally, the Kankana-ey are one of the few tribes who still practice a way of living more common in the old days, although is fast disappearing as well. Some of the former American soldiers returned to the mountains in search of the gold they had heard so much about. The anap, literally, to find out, are divinatory rites performed by a man-anap (medicine man or woman). Death and Beyond: Death & Burial Rituals & Other Practices & Beliefs of the Igorots of Sagada, Mountain Province, Philippines by Dinah Elma Piluden-Omengan (2004). The basic dance step consists of the stomping of the left foot. After eight months, they left the United States on 13 November with a group of Visayans and Tinguian. A Kankanaey mestizo who has distinguished himself for his fine art photography is Eduardo Masferr, 1909-1995, born of a Spanish soldier and a Kankanaey named Cunyap, later christened Mercedes Pins. Kabunian is mainly responsible for the welfare and general well-being of all those he created. They have not been studied by archaeologists, so the exact age of the coffins is unknown, though they are believed to be centuries old. As adornments, both men and women wear bead leglets, copper or shell earrings, and beads of copper coin. Thus, in asking for more, they wish to be able to share more. The coffins are usually carved by their eventual occupants during their lifetimes. Each end of the threads is tied to a tree or a house post while the other end is tied to a wood bar strapped around the waist of the weaver, who becomes part of the loom by pulling the threads back and forth with her waist, thus constantly applying tension to the threads. On the other side, there are benevolent spirits called kading and pinad-ing, invisible spirits usually in human form who protect people from typhoons, misfortune, and epidemics. The carved images in their homes only serve decorative purposes. These spirits are the souls of the dead ( anitos ), and nature spirits. The disputed land would later on become the Benguet Mining Company (Habana 2001). Five days after the burial of the dead, those who participated in the burial take a bath in a river together, butcher a chicken, then offer a prayer to the soul of the dead. Traditionally, the Kankanaey village was set on the hump of a hill whose elevation afforded a natural defensive advantage against neighboring groups. Pettits fellow prospector was another war veteran, Truman Hunt, who became Bontocs lieutenant-governor and was tasked to put together the Igorrotes for the Fair. TUBA, Benguet - Eighteen elementary pupils have completed an intensive training conducted by the School for Living Traditions on Kankanaey Performing Arts. The wife prepares the meals while the construction is in progress. Another religious position is that of the balsun, who may be called upon to perform rituals for a specific occasion or purpose, in which he is recognized to be most knowledgeable. The bak-ut, also called getap and tapis, is the females wraparound skirt. The Ibaloi occupy the lower and more developed areas of the province, including the Baguio . Cordillera Administrative Region. Older generations of Kankanaey used to hunt deer and wild boar in forests, and catch eels and crabs in rivers. They have a simple political life, with the Dap-ay/abong being the center of all political, religious, and socials activities, with each dap-ay experiencing a certain degree of autonomy. The girl usually agrees to the contest because she already likes the boy. Mountain Province: Home of the Kankanais. NSO website, 6 February. Bello, Moises C. 1965. Chickens are also sold for needed cash. They are very superstitious and believe that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes and calamities. Legleg is performed to improve the growth of the plants. The Kankanaey perform a ritual to effect the return of a soul which has wandered off on account of sickness. The myth of the origin of things and the way by which the external world is perceived and treated are tightly bound with the worship of the god Kabunian. Llamzon, Teodoro A. They also used the at-ato as their sleeping quarters. A group from Mankayan, Benguet, called the Indigenous Film Productions, and Tribal Cooperation for Rural Development (Tricord) from Nueva Vizcaya released their first productions in 2007. [8], For a living, the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture (usually on terraces), camote/sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn/swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry. Crabs are also caught to make tengba, a gravy of pounded rice mixed with crabs, salted and placed in jars to age. This leaderand each village had onewas keeper of the agricultural calendar and master of ceremonies in community and at-ato observances. Mo manokmi abu, matago tauwaday panbiagmi. 1981. 1994. They must have performed acts of merit, made wise decisions, and led traditional rituals during their lifetimes. An old photo of a council of elders in Bila, a barrio of Bauko, Mountain Province . Afterward, the American colonial administration saw the rise of a new political and economic elite, with new sources of power and prestige, even as old ones were closed. The Mankayan Kankana-eys, however, has no clear distinction between the baknang and the abiteg and all have equal access to resources such as the copper and gold mines. They only vary in naming them in their dialect. Quezon City: GCF Books. The spirit who causes the dangling stone to move is deemed the cause of the illness. A specific god is consulted about the nature and cure of the particular sickness. Northern kankana-eys also farm camote. [11], Despite their popularity, hanging coffins are not the main funerary practice of the Kankanaey. The eruption of war between Spanish and American forces and the subsequent war of independence waged by Filipino revolutionaries against the new colonial forces drew the involvement of the Igorot people. This barangay is a mountain village near the municipality of Bakun in the province of Benguet. Persuaded by Dang-usan and Pettit, the formers relatives and neighbors joined the other Igorrotes and arrived at the fairgrounds on 25 March 2004. [9], Musical instruments include the tubular drum (solibao), brass or copper gongs (gangsa), Jew's harp (piwpiw), nose flute (kalaleng), and a bamboo-wood guitar (agaldang). 1991, 14-15). To appease Maeya or the kind spirits, Kabunyan, Ap-apo, Kakading, a thanksgiving ritual must be done, comprising of animal offering, food, rice wine and other material things. They finish off the burial ritual with dedeg (song of the dead), and then, the sons and grandsons carry the body to its resting place. Baylas, Nathaniel IV, A., Teofina A. Rapanut, and Ma. National Statistics Office. The northern and southern Kankanaey are physically and culturally alike, with similar institutions, beliefs, and practices. Two main approaches to marriage are customary: parental arrangement, which is the old tradition, and courtship, which has increasingly gained favor among the new generation. The Southern Kankanaeys inhabit Mankayan, Bakun, Kibungan, Buguias, and the upper half of Kapangan in Benguet Province, Cordillera Administrative Region. The Soul Book. The men wore a G-string as it is called but it is known as wanes to the Kankanaeys of Besao and Sagada. Spanish control, wielded through the force of arms and proselytization, eventually set in. 1976. The parents may decide to allot a piece of land for them to cultivate and to enable them to live apart. Jocano, F. L. (1969). Association or bonding with other adolescents prepared them for a new phase of relationships that would eventually lead to marriage. Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy. NEDA. This creature married the thunder, and it became the lightning. Another reason proposed is that the salutary climate of the Cordillera highlands, with its lush green vegetation and other natural riches, may have attracted the ancestors of the present mountain dwellers to go beyond the malaria-ridden jungle belt that stops at the 1,000-meter line of the mountains. The supernatural world of the Kankanaey is replete with male and female god figures, as well as spirit-beings who comprise a hierarchy of deities under one supreme entity called Kabunian, creator of all beings and living things in the world. VVM films that are in the Kankanaey language are Sabong di Kada (Flower of Kada), 1998; Adawag Ina (Mothers Plight), 1998; Din Sungbat (The Answer), 2003; Kedaw (Ask), 2007; and Din Pantaulian (The Returning), 2008. . The southern Kankanaey are found in the municipalities of Mankayan, Bakun, Kibungan, Buguias, and the upper half of Kapangan in Benguet. So they made a chicken jump by pulling out its feathers. Then, the other reapers proceed to cut the rest of the harvest. Squash, cucumber and other climbing vines are also planted. The diviner removes the cover and tries to read in the water the name of the spirit or deity that has caused the disease. There were intermediaries employed to make the nuptial arrangements, particularly in the wedding and ritual expenses, which entailed a number of animal offerings such as carabaos, pigs, and chickens, a huge reserve of rice, and tapuy or tapey (rice wine). They practice bilateral kinship. In Benguet, the popularity of these films may be discerned in the vegetable transport vehicles that are marked with signs derived from these films. The design of the upper attire is a criss-crossed style of black, white and red colors. The Kankanaey believe that interring the dead in caves or cliffs ensures that their spirits can roam around and continue to protect the living. The village elders (lallakay/dakay or amam-a) who act as arbiters and jurors have the duty to settlements between conflicting members of the community, facilitate discussion among the villagers concerning the welfare of the community and lead in the observance of rituals.
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kankanaey culture and tradition