5 factors affecting political participation

WebAttitudinal Factors. Dolan, K. (2011), Do women and men know different things? Some studies concluded that the difference in age between individuals affects political participation as the ratio of political participation between young and older people is high (Pyeatt and Yanus, 2018, p. 189). The Jordanian leadership responded and announced constitutional amendments in 2011. 25 No. (2012), Jordanian womens political participation: legislative status and structural challenges, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. The directive to write your member of Congress is taken seriously by increasing numbers of citizens: legislators e-mail boxes are filled daily, and millions of letters are processed by the Capitol Hill post offices. The campaign and rally have their effects on polarizing party attachments and reinforcing candidate preferences. Expressing opinions about leaders, issues, and policies has become one of the most prominent forms of political participation. Considered one of the most impactful expressions of patriotism, voting is the primary means of participating in politics. Linda McMahonterm-1. Men vote more than females (Childs, 2004, p. 422). People take part in support activities on behalf of a cause, which can lead to greater involvement. Voting determines the leadership issues and policies of the party as well as the whole nation. However,thereareotherswho In contrast, poor or lowincome families are reluctant to vote as they suffer from accessing basic services, proper education and health care. In addition, the voting of the students' category (Palestinians) was low. The social environment definitely has an impact on political participation. Turnout was 55 percent in 2004 and 57 percent in 2008, when 132,618,580 people went to the polls (McDonald). This made them feel political alienation, which led them to be reluctant to vote in the elections. 37, pp. Although the democratic transition in many developing countries and the legislative amendments, which granted more rights and freedom for womens participation in politics, there was still a gender gap stemming from the differences in voting between males and females as well as the low voting turnout of women in elections. The low voting turnout was with the young people group, especially university students. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Dolan (2011), Fox (2011) discussed how to overcome the gender gap in voting. Political scientists measure how US political behavior, attitudes, and ideologies are shaped by a number of factors over time. Socioeconomic characteristics of a population, including age, race, gender, religion, marital status, occupation, education level, and more. In addition, unemployment high rate of female makes them reluctant to vote in elections (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 574). The study concluded that the gender, age, family income and regional affiliation factors affect the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. Much is made about low levels of voter turnout for presidential elections in the current era. Therefore, this study examines the factors affecting the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, focusing on some social and economic factors and examining the reasons for voting or not voting, which relates to the performance of the elected councils and the effectiveness of their members. Childs, S. (2004), A British Gender Gap? Political participation is action that influences the distribution of social goods and values (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates, Answers to the most commonly asked questions here, The impact of social websites over Jordanian students intentions of active political participation: an application of theory of planned behavior, International Review of Management and Marketing, Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, A British Gender Gap? Webinterest group. Review of Economics and Political Science. Fourth: The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students, as there were differences in the students voting ratio in the national and local elections according to regional affiliation. Based on the above, the present study examines the impact of (gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation) on the voting of the university student in elections, because of the reluctance of Jordanian university students to vote in elections. More voters were mobilized during this period of political upheaval in which people focused on issues of race relations, social welfare, and the Vietnam War (Piven & Cloward, 2000). Now lets look at other determinants of what affects voter turnout. They act to benefit their communities without monetary compensation. Local elections in small towns in New England draw up to 80 percent of qualified voters. There is no consensus among scholars whether to include in its definition illegal as well as legal activity, unsuccessful and successful attempts of influence and involuntary as well as voluntary action. It provides citizens a sense of dignity and value, alerts both the rulers and the ruled to their duties and responsibilities and facilitates broader political understanding. It can be concluded that: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students. Copyright 10. Meanwhile, the political participation of youth, particularly in developing countries, plays a vital role in bringing political change. 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, Copyright 2019, Mohammad Soud Alelaimat, Published in Review of Economics and Political Science. Milbrath, op. Activities like voting, campaigning, etc., are some of the important modes of participation. The reason for the low voting ratio of the Palestinians in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. Women turnout during Indias 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09% turnout for men. They pointed out that the political participation of females has always been less than males. Voter turnout levels have hovered around 40 percent in the past three midterm elections. Viewing the entire tape, one would have seen a belligerent and violent Rodney King who was difficult for police to constrain. Over time, residency requirements were relaxed. Voter registration also has been assisted by online registration. The scope and the outcome of voting is very broad affecting all the members of a society. Also, the ratio of women's political participation is low. The eligible electorate in the 1800s, when voter turnout consistently exceeded 70 percent, was far different than the diverse pool of eligible voters today. Psychological or cognitive traits:. A formal or informal association of people seeking to influence governmental policy in favor of their interests; interest groups may represent social causes, economic The Jordanian Constitution and laws have witnessed many amendments to strengthen political participation of all the Jordanian people segments, at the national level (parliament) and the local level (local councils). The more the age varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of older students. The survey was conducted on the students of the three Jordanian universities (Jordan, Al-Al Bayt, and Mu'tah), to identify the impact of gender, age, family income and regional affiliation on the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections: Table I shows the results of the analysis of the public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the gender. Potential candidates for public office must gather signatures on a petition before their names can appear on the ballot. Turnout in states that have Election Day registration averages ten points higher than in the rest of the country (Wolfinger & Rosenstone, 1980). It concluded that democracy depends on political participation (Leigh, 2018, p. 7). They can take part in organizations that work to directly influence policies made by government officials. It is interesting to note that Milbrath classifies those factors which have been used up to the present in the attempt to explain political participation, into three groups: personal factors, political setting, and social position. The law allowed all males and females as of 18years old to vote in elections (Article 3). In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that male students were the most Jordanian university students voting in the elections with (66.2 per cent). 1, pp. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of the Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the regional affiliation. RTV registered over 2 million new voters in 1992, 80 percent of whom cast a ballot, and signed up over 2.5 million voters in 2008. (1995), Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, American Political Science Review, Vol. 560-568. A significant aspect of the relation of the individual to his/her political environment is his/her exposure to the influence of propaganda. They concluded that the sociopolitical interest of young females could help to overcome this problem, education could be one of the solutions, as political participation of females increases, when they are aware that political events would directly affect their lives. The report focuses on explaining participation in campaigns in the Latin American and Caribbean regions of the Americas. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier and Steven E. Schier (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 932. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Increasingly people are participating in politics via the media, especially the Internet. Ballots can be invalidated if they are not properly marked by voters or are not read by antiquated voting machines. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Significant steps have been taken to make registration easier. (1995), Cohen and Dawson (1993) discussed the factors affecting political participation. The more the regional affiliation varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. Social, cultural, and economic factors can keep people from voting. They may attend concerts or participate in sporting events associated with causes, such as the Race for the Cure for breast cancer. 41-54. and Fox, R.L. What political causes do you care the most about? Midterm elections, in which members of Congress run for office in nonpresidential-election years, normally draw about one-third of eligible voters (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). But this political apathy influences political participation it is not much clear and certain. 16, pp. Modes of participation 7. The study relied on a purposive sample of 900 students, 300 students per university (150 males and 150 females). In other Third: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students, as there were differences in the voting ratio in the elections according to the level of family income. Putnam, R. D., Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). Although all these amendments, the political participation of Jordanian university students is still poor. These characteristics influence how Based on the above: Palmer and Simon (2008) pointed out that difference of regions within the same country affected the political participation of the inhabitants of these regions. For example, refugees in any country, who are granted the right to vote in elections, while they are suffering from the shortage of basic services, they would feel discontent and in turn they would disregard voting in the elections. The survey was conducted in the academic year 2018-2019. People salute the flag and recite the pledge of allegiance at the beginning of a school day, and they sing the national anthem at sporting events. Moreover, the lack of fair distribution of resources and the concentration the wealth in the hands of businessmen, made them feel marginalized. Why are certain demographic groups more likely to align with the Democratic or Republican Party? Moreover, the voting ratio of the family income group (less than 500 dinars) was low; it was problematic because this group covered the majority of university students. 1040-1061. Taking part in the political processes which lead to the selection of political leaders or determine or influence public policy is generally known as political participation. For example, political participation includes 87 No. Brooker (2013) concluded that in Australia, the ratio of youth participation in voting was low. The protesters demanded many political and economic reforms. Political scientists have determined that presidential election turnout is underestimated on average by 4 percent, which translates into hundreds of thousands of votes (Flanigan & Zingale, 1999). Do you think people who have committed serious crimes should be allowed to vote? They can communicate their interests, preferences, and needs to government by engaging in public debate (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). 1, pp. One is an individuals substantive political identification on a left-right spectrum and the other is on an individuals engagement with the process of politics that is revealed by their acquisition of information on candidates in an election and their willingness to vote in an election. 1. Dalam artikel ini, akan dibahas faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi politik. After reading this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: Americans have many options for taking part in politics, including voting, contacting public officials, campaigning, running for and holding office, protesting, and volunteering. American Government and Politics in the Information Age by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Moreover, their belief that elected councils, whether national or local, are not able to change their lives in the future. Although the percentage of people running for and holding public office appears small, there are many opportunities to serve in government. (2004), Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. Some people may be discouraged from running because the signature requirement seems daunting. The Senate alone receives an average of over four million e-mail messages per week and more than two hundred million e-mail messages per year (Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). In the light of the democratization, especially in many developing countries, political participation forms expanded and diversified to include voting, participating in the campaigns, community participation and expression of opinion in society related issues (Childs, 2004, p. 422). 2, pp. Fifty-four people were killed and two thousand were wounded. Fitzgerald (2013), Taft (2014) pointed out that women in American society are less engaged in politics than men. The sample was chosen from the youth segment because they were the most numerous in the Jordanian society, as well as the fact that the sample was more accessible in terms of data collection and distribution of the questionnaire. Such political activities can support government officials, institutions, and policies, or aim to change them. They work for political parties or candidates, organize campaign events, and discuss issues with family and friends. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Organizations with the goal of promoting civic action on behalf of particular causes, or single-issue groups, have proliferated. In addition, political participation required some resources, such as money to support the candidates (Lawless and Fox, 2001, p. 362). In addition, Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people with (31.5 per cent) for the (Palestinians). Table IV shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to regional affiliation. The political landscape for many African nations does not provide the platforms where citizens can loudly and freely engage with the governments to harness democracy. As female students voting was low. 3, pp. 94-99. Participation gives an opportunity to express ones own point of view and secure the greatest good for the greatest number. A unique and special political act, voting allows for the views of more people to be represented than any other activity. Demonstrators burned buildings and assaulted bystanders. The tape enraged blacks in Los Angeles who saw the police actions as being widespread within the Los Angeles Police Department and not an isolated incident. Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that the number of students with family income (500 dinars) was of a total number of (484) including (233) participated in the voting with (48.1 per cent) in the same category. Gender equality in political participation is a fundamental aspect of modern democratic governance. In addition, the questionnaire included two section, the first is related to the four factors: Gender (malefemale), Age (8-22years old - 23-30years old), Family Income (less than 500 dinar- 500 less than 700 dinar more than 700 dinar), and regional affiliation (Jordanian Origin - Palestinian Origin). Lawless and Fox (2001) and Cohen and Dawson (1993) linked between income levels (wealth, social well-being, money and economic development) and political participation. Community activism is thriving among young people who realize the importance of service that directly assists others. Brady, H.E., Verba, S. and Schlozman, K.L. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) have also concluded that the difference of regions within the same country and the ethnic or racial diversity affect voting in elections. The Watts riots in 1965 were the first of a number of civil disturbances in American cities. This interest might take various forms such as support, rejection, protest or demonstration, etc. The process of democratization in Jordan began in 1989. The race was open, as there was no incumbent candidate, and voters felt they had an opportunity to make a difference. Four white officers were tried in criminal court for the use of excessive force, and they were acquitted of all but one charge. 1-16. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio voting of Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the category of family income. So, the research problem is concerned with examining the impact of social and economic factors (gender, age, family Income, and regional affiliation) on voting of Jordanian university students in the elections. Some of the factors considered in the examination of data from the 2010 AmericasBarometer survey by LAPOP include wealth, age, sex and educational level. Democrat Barack Obama, the first African American to be nominated by a major party, generated enthusiasm, especially among young people. It is a term applied to various types of activities ranging from political orientations, attitude, knowledge, interest in politics, identification with a political unit (political party or its any wing) to taking active part in political action such as rally, demonstration, strike or campaigning for voting in elections.

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